| Wolfgang Harich | |
|---|---|
Wolfgang Harich in his Apartment (1947) |
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| Born | Wolfgang Harich December 3, 1923 Königsberg |
| Died | March 21, 1995 (aged 71) Berlin |
| Occupation | writer |
| Nationality | German |
| Citizenship | German |
| Period | 1950s-1990s |
| Notable award(s) | Heinrich Mann Prize 1953 |
Wolfgang Harich (3 December 1923 – 21 March 1995) was a philosopher and journalist in East Germany.
A deserter from the German army in World War II and a member of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany, Harich became a professor of philosophy at Humboldt University in 1949. He was arrested in 1956 and sentenced to eight years in prison for the "establishment of a conspiratorial counterrevolutionary group." He was released in 1964 and rehabilitated in 1990. In 1994 he joined the Party of Democratic Socialism.
His grave is preserved in the Protestant Friedhof III der Jerusalems- und Neuen Kirchengemeinde (Cemetery No. III of the congregations of Jerusalem's Church and New Church) in Berlin-Kreuzberg, south of Hallesches Tor.
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Wolfgang Harich was born in Königsberg, East Prussia, on December 9, 1923, into an upper-class literary educated family.[1] His father was writer Walter Harich and his mother was Anne-Lise Wyneken, who was the daughter of the editor in chief of the Königsberg Allegemeine Zeitung.
Harich became known as one of the stronger voices in post war debates at a very young age in Germany. He had ruthless beliefs in uniting the war torn Germany. He studied philosophy at the Humboldt University of Berlin and, upon graduation, became professor of philosophy and taught at the same university. His strong voice eventually led him to be sentenced to imprisonment for ten years for conspiring. Although he only served eight years Harich was forced to be in solitary confinement for more than seven of those eight years, which took a large toll on his mental health, giving him severe depression and dizziness. He emigrated to Austria in 1979, moved to West Germany in 1980, and returned to the Besseres Deutschland or "Better Germany" in 1981. Although he had a heart attack in July 1960, he fought through it and recovered to continue his life until March 15, 1995, when he died at the age of 71.
Harich studied philosophy at Humboldt University in East Berlin with Nicolai Hartmann and Eduard Spranger, graduating in 1951. He began giving lectures in 1949 on Marxist Philosophy, and in 1952 he became the University’s Professor of Philosophy. Before his final studies at Humboldt, he had entered the Kammer Der Kunst Schaffenden, Department of Creative Artists, in June 1945 as Paul Wegener’s personal assistant.[2] This experience gave him the ability to become considered as one of Berlin’s best theater critics.
Harich was a Marxist, Stalinist, a convinced communist, and an environmentalist. He joined Kommunistische Partei Deutschlands (KPD), the Communist Party of Germany, then later joined Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands (SED), the Socialist Unity Party of Germany, which later became later the ruling party of the German Democratic Republic (GDR), in 1946.
As a twenty-year-old, Harich was drafted into the Wehrmacht, but left and joined an anti-Nazi group in 1944. He was a Stalinist until the early 1950s; he wrote in a memoir of recalling "crying an ocean of tears over Stalin’s death." [2] Yet, after the removal of the Stalinists, he moved on to wanting a neutralized and united, democratic socialist Germany. His beliefs and principles were driven by self-transformation, and he was mostly interested in Marxist philosophy. Harich was looking for a "third way" between Stalinism and Capitalism, he wanted a "humanistic socialism" in a reunified Germany.[2] He established and engaged his friends, opponents, and social democrats in controversy in West Germany to argue that the DDR should make reforms to motivate the reunion of Germany. His sweeping reform proposals represented the only Party attempt at the internal restructure of the DDR before it collapsed. He pushed for free elections, the admission of legal opposition groups, and the dissolution of the Stasi, the secret police of General Erich Mielke, leading others to often look at his ideas as Utopian, but was granted the title of "most brilliant head in the SED."[2] Agreeing with Block and Lukacs, Harich criticized Stalinism and believed to renew Marxism from a humanist and naturalist point of view.
Harich produced a manifesto and presented his ideas in October–November 1956 to G. M. Pushkin, the soviet ambassador and to Walter Ulbricht, the East German Dictator, himself. This presentation and his notorious loose tongue led him to being convicted of "counterrevolutionary plotting," indicted with "formation of an enemy group" on behalf of the West German SPD, and branded a "revisionist." [3] He was arrested on November 29, 1956 and indicted in March 1957 where he remained in jail until he was released in December 1964. Harich referred to his years in jail as his Rufmord, or reputation-murderer, and felt guiltless because all he did was "just talk." He actually thanked the Stasi for their vigilance in arresting him for without their attention, he would not have been given ten years in jail, instead he would be looking at the noose. This quote of Harich was recorded at his hearing,
I wish to deliver my thanks to the SSD … I’ve found that they are correct and decent … I had gotten completely out of control … I was a runaway horse, which no call could have stopped … If I hadn’t been taken into custody, I wouldn’t today be ready for 10 years, which the Herr Prosecutor has recommended, but only for the hangman, and therefore I thank the SSD for their alertness.[2]
He had later testified against a former friend Walter Janka, head of Aufbau Publishing Company, creating a new "text book" characterized enemy. "Janka vs. Harich: the worldly older man vs. the young genius, the practical man vs. the classically educated intellectual, the tough working-class war hero vs. the bourgeois academic utopian."[2] Janka refused to ever meet Harich again after the trial, insisting that Harich’s false testimony landed him three years in Bautzen, the most horrific jail for political criminals.
After being released from jail, Harich was allowed to resume his previous literary work and became an editor of Akademie Verlag in Berlin in 1965, even though it took 33 years for the court to pronounce him "rehabilitated" in April 1990.[4] Having spent most of his time in jail in solitary confinement, Harich emerged in 1964 as a hard-line Stalinist and enthusiastic critic of all modernist experimentation, even labeling Friedrich Nietzsche as a "Nazi worshiper." [2] and insisting that his legacy was nothing but "a giant trash bin."[2] Harich focused on more environmental political problems in the 1970s. In 1975 he undertook a impractical campaign for a state communisms in the service of environmental protection, in hopes of making some change. Also, after the Wende (change) in Germany in 1989, he came the chairman of the Alternative Enquete Komission (AEK) which conducted research on the history of the German Domestic Republic, and aligned himself with the self-proclaimed Mikhail Gorbachev reform communists after 1990.[2]
Harich became accomplished and created a name for himself at a very young age. He followed in his father’s footsteps and became a Jean Paul scholar, writing two books dealing with Paul’s epistemology and poetic vision, which are arguably his finest scholarship. In 1946, he worked for the newspaper of the soviet occupation regime, Tagliche Rundshau; and he was also a journalist for the French-licensed daily Der Kurier. He had become editor-in-chief of the journal Deutsche Zeitschrift fur Philosophie with Arthur Baumgarten, Ernst Bloch, and Karl Schroter in 1953.[1] In the same year, Harich also received the prestigious Heinrich Mann Prize for editing and journalism, conferred by the DDR Academy of Fine Arts. In somewhat accordance with his arrest, Der Spiegel wrote its cover story to Harich in 1956, stating that West German intellectuals regarded him highly and saying, "despite his youth, probably the only DDR intellectual capable of calling into question the current foundation of the communistic state, the doctrine of ice-hard Stalinism." [2] They even called him "an intellectual phenomenon" and "a pure intellect on two feet." In the 1970s, Harich published Communism without Growth: Babeuf and the Club of Rome with Rowohlt Verlag,[1] which argued that a neo-Stalinist state with dictatorial authority to enforce environmental standards could avert an ecological catastrophe.